Induction

Discovery Deduction Induction Abduction Transformation Problem-solving Diagnose Language Prediction Metacognition



All of the deductive methods may be for inductive argument or inference provided one or more of the propositions is probable rather than certain. For example:

Name Rule
Inductive Modus Ponens probably p > probably q, p; therefore probably q
Inductive Modus Tollens probably p >probably  q, -q; therefore probably -p
Inductive Chain probably p > probably q, q > r; therefore probably p > r
Inductive Disjunctive1 probably p v probably q, p; therefore probably -q
Inductive Disjunctive2 probably p v probably q, q; therefore probably -p
Inductive Addition1 probably p; therefore probably p v q
Inductive Addition2 probably q; therefore probably p v q
Inductive  Conjunctive1   probably -(p & q), p; therefore probably -q
 Inductive Conjunctive2  probably -(p & q), q; therefore probably -p
Inductive Simplification1 probably (p & q); therefore probably p
Inductive Simplification2 probably (p & q); therefore probably q
Inductive Adjunction probably p, probably q; thereforeprobably  p & q
Inductive Reductio1 probably p > probably -p; therefore probably -p
Inductive Reductio2 probably p > probably (q & -q); therefore probably -p
Inductive Complex constructive probably p > probably q, probably r > probably s, probably p v probably r; therefore probably q v s
Inductive Complex destructive probably p > probably q, probably r > probably s, probably -q v probably -s; therefore probably -p v -r
Inductive Simple constructive probably p > probably q, probably r > probably q, probably p v probably r; therefore probably q
Inductive Simple destructive probably p > probably q, probably p > probably r, probably -q v probably -r; therefore probably -p


 

Here are some additional methods of inductive reasoning. To be explained.

                        Inference                                            Method

                        Proposition (categorical)                       Generalization (syllogistic)

                        Propositions (relational)                        Generalization (propositional)

                        Proposition singular                              Analogy

                        Proposition singular (likelihood)            Statistical Analogy

                        classification                                         abstraction